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Upper Xingu settlements (including Kuhikugu)

Location	Xingu Indigenous Park, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Conventional date	About 1250–1650 CE.
Alternative date proposals	None with significant published support that we know of.
What is measured	Clustered, planned settlements with roads, plazas and earthworks. [1][2]

Studied with the Kuikuro people, whose ancestors built these 'galactic' garden cities.

Claims about this site

Claim	Status	Verdict
The pre-Columbian Amazon held large, organised societies, not just small bands	Mainstream	Supported by LiDAR and excavation

Sources

Heckenberger, M. J. et al. (2003). Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science 301. doi:10.1126/science.1086112 data
Heckenberger, M. J. et al. (2008). Pre-Columbian urbanism, anthropogenic landscapes, and the future of the Amazon. Science 321. doi:10.1126/science.1159769 data

Dates are summarised in our own words from the sources listed. Conventional and alternative dates are both reported; "measured" lists only dated or documented findings. Methodology.