Claims directory
Every entry states the claim, what has been measured, the arguments on each side, primary sources (DOIs where available), a status label and a verdict. How labels work.
Sections: Egypt: Sphinx & Giza dating · Pyramids around the world · Amazon & LiDAR lost cities · Megalithic construction · Younger Dryas & the 12,000-year cycle
Egypt: Sphinx & Giza dating
The water-erosion case for an older Sphinx, radiocarbon dates on the pyramids, muon scans and the 2025 radar claims.
| Claim | Status | Verdict |
|---|---|---|
| The Great Sphinx is thousands of years older than Egyptologists think (water-erosion hypothesis) | Leading Edge | Open question |
| The Sphinx faced Leo rising at the spring equinox around 10,500 BCE | Leading Edge | Measured sky: Leo rose before the equinox Sun at Giza from about 11,400 to 8,800 BCE, so 10,500 BCE fits; whether the Sphinx was built for this, and when, is an open question |
| Radiocarbon dates from Giza mortar fall in the Old Kingdom era, with an unresolved offset | Mainstream | Measured: mortar charcoal dates to c. 2900–2600 BCE; the cause of a 100–400-year offset is still debated |
| The Giza pyramids mirror Orion's Belt as it looked in 10,500 BCE (Orion Correlation) | Leading Edge | Open question: the shape match tests as statistically notable; the 10,500 BCE date is not supported by the layout's angle |
| The Fourth Dynasty completed an older Giza site (the 'legacy' or restoration hypothesis) | Leading Edge | Open question: the built pyramids date to the Old Kingdom; no dating method has yet reached the bedrock and underground parts |
| The Great Pyramid's precision and its 1:43,200 scale model of the Earth | Leading Edge | Measured: aligned within about 4 arc minutes and within about 1% of Earth's proportions at 1:43,200; whether the scale is intentional is an open question |
| Hidden spaces inside the Great Pyramid detected by cosmic-ray muons | Mainstream | Measured: two unknown voids confirmed |
| Satellite radar reveals vast structures beneath the Khafre pyramid | Leading Edge | Open question: unverified; the method's 2022 paper was retracted in Aug 2026 |
Pyramids around the world
Gunung Padang, Bosnia, Caral, Shimao, Cholula, Teotihuacan, Meroë and Güímar: what is dated, what is natural and what is still open.
| Claim | Status | Verdict |
|---|---|---|
| Gunung Padang in Java is the world's oldest pyramid | Leading Edge | Open question: 2023 paper retracted March 2024 |
| The hills near Visoko, Bosnia, are ancient pyramids | Leading Edge | Open question: geologists describe natural hills; no construction dated |
| Pyramids around the world point to a common lost source | Leading Edge | Open question |
| Monumental pyramids in Peru are as old as Egypt's | Mainstream | Measured: c. 2600 BCE |
| The Güímar step pyramids in Tenerife are ancient | Leading Edge | Excavation dates them to the 19th century |
Amazon & LiDAR lost cities
Airborne laser scanning has revealed towns, roads and causeways under the rainforest canopy in Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil and the Maya lowlands.
| Claim | Status | Verdict |
|---|---|---|
| The pre-Columbian Amazon held large, organised societies, not just small bands | Mainstream | Supported by LiDAR and excavation |
| Upano Valley, Ecuador: the oldest known urban network in the Amazon | Mainstream | Measured: from about 500 BCE |
| LiDAR shows Maya lowlands were far more densely settled than thought | Mainstream | Measured: far denser settlement than mapped before |
| More than 10,000 earthworks are still hidden under the Amazon canopy | Contested | Model estimate: 10,272–23,648 sites still undiscovered |
Megalithic construction
Göbekli Tepe, Karahan Tepe, Baalbek, Sacsayhuamán, Pumapunku, Stonehenge and Yonaguni: dates, transport and the open questions about technique.
| Claim | Status | Verdict |
|---|---|---|
| Göbekli Tepe's megalithic enclosures are about 11,600 years old | Mainstream | Measured: c. 9500 BCE |
| Göbekli Tepe's Vulture Stone records a comet impact and an ancient calendar | Leading Edge | Open question |
| Baalbek's giant stones are older than the Roman temple | Leading Edge | Open question |
| The megalithic walls of Sacsayhuamán and Ollantaytambo predate the Inca | Leading Edge | Open question |
| Pumapunku's precision stonework required lost advanced technology | Leading Edge | Open question on technique; dating Measured (6th–7th c. CE) |
| Stonehenge's Altar Stone came from northern Scotland | Mainstream | Measured: from at least 750 km away |
| The underwater Yonaguni Monument is a human-made structure | Leading Edge | Open question |
Younger Dryas & the 12,000-year cycle
The abrupt Younger Dryas cooling, the impact hypothesis, lost Ice Age civilisation and recurring-catastrophe ideas, linked to Solar Evidence's micronova and pole-shift reviews.
| Claim | Status | Verdict |
|---|---|---|
| An abrupt cold snap, the Younger Dryas, hit about 12,900 years ago | Mainstream | Measured: c. 12,900–11,700 years ago |
| A comet impact or airbursts triggered the Younger Dryas about 12,800 years ago | Contested | Open question; several key papers retracted 2025–26 |
| An advanced civilisation existed during the last Ice Age and was lost in a catastrophe | Leading Edge | Open question |
| Earth suffers a recurring catastrophe about every 12,000 years | Leading Edge | Open question |